Persian Military - The Achaemenian/Achaemenid army is best known from descriptions by Herodotus, Xenophon and Arrian, as well as from depictions on Persepolitan and Greco-Persian monuments. -Alexander Sarcophagus of Sidon says [33] that the Persians whom Cyrus mobilized [34] did not have a professional army. As in ancient times, the "people" of a region was denoted by the core i.e. "military force", so these two words were used synonymously in the old word. Persian word, kāra (Lithuanian kārias/kāris "war, army", "Gothic Hargis army", "and "Heer German army," [35] ), a meaning that survives in the dictionary. New Persian kas-o kār "relatives and supporters"
Initially, the Achaemenid army consisted entirely of Iranian warriors. And although other regions were suppressed soon the Iranians became the center of the imperial army. If Kara Persia is protected then, Ahuramazda's joy will descend as desired. On this royal dynasty forever and ever " [37]. The small kingdom expanded from Central Asia to the Danube to a world empire that included every group of Iranian peoples. Legions were drawn from Persia, Media, and neighboring peoples. And the imperial army was organized with a mixture of warriors from all nations. Political representations and Persian economic and military documents Herodotus eventually proved that the closer a nation was, the better. With how many Persians. The more a nation contributed to the administration of the empire, paid less tribute but sent more troops. Thus, middlemen who were inferior to the empire, other provided more troops than anyone, and many imperial generals were chosen from the media (Mazares, Harpagas, Taxmaspada, Datis, etc.), then the Sacians, Bactrians, Hyrcanians, and other East Iranian groups [39]
Persian Military
The general term for the professional army is Spada. It consisted of infantry (pasti), cavalry (asbari "horsebacks" and sometimes usbari "camel mounted") and cavalry (only noble warriors drove obsolete but symbolic chariots) and camp followers. A large number [40]. From the time they met, the Greek Iranians included Greek volunteers or mercenaries in their army.[41] Asia Minor is not the only Iranian Chief of Staff. But the king of kings also employed Greek mercenaries. Each of them was given free food and monthly stipend. (golden daric per month in 401 BCE [42]) By the time of Alexander these mercenaries became part of the Spada. and their leaders integrated into the Iranian elite. and helped spread Greek culture to the east
The Persian Wars.
The size of the imperial army was never as great as the Greeks exaggerated. Conducting maintenance spada checking the terrain and a wise formal order of battle. This allows historians to draw reasonable numbers for the Iranian army. Thus reducing Xerxes' 3,000,000 infantry [44] or 2,641,610 foot soldiers and the same number [45] to 70,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry [46] ; Artaxerxes II's 900,000-strong army at Cunaxa[47] was actually no more than 40,000[48] and Darius III's 1,040,000-strong army at Gaugamela[49] was reduced to 34,000 cavalry and some infantry [50] , attracting little attention. gone His judgment of this exaggeration, and thus of Iran's tactics, tactics, and intentions, is flawed by miscalculation.[51]
Spada's organization is based on decimal system. [52] and the Mongols [53] did not serve in any Asian army until ten men in a company under Dapati [54]; A company of ten battalions under *θatapati [55]; *Ten divisions were established under Hazarapati [56]; and ten divisions forming a division under *Baivarapati. was himself a king of kings or a close relative or trusted friend (eg Mazares the Mede led the army of Cyrus the Great and Datis the Mede led the army of Darius the Great at Marathon). Commanders and dignitaries took part in actual battles. and many died in action.[59]
The training of the Iranian nobility was difficult. In childhood, Iranians were educated in 50 different occupations: running, swimming, shearing horses, tilling the land, herding cattle, and handicrafts. and accustomed to stand and watch he will be trained in the art of the chase. (both on foot and on horseback), archery, javelin and javelin. At the age of twenty he began his military career [61] which lasted until the age of fifty [62] as an infantryman or cavalryman. Aristocrats were trained for both tasks, so Darius proudly said: “I have been trained in both hands and feet. As a horseman I am a good horseman As an archer I am a good archer both on foot and on horseback As a spearman I am a good spearman on foot and on foot. and on horseback" [63]. The foot soldiers carried short swords (asinaces), wooden-handled spears, heads and metal quivers. A quiver full of arrows was bronze or iron-headed. And a bow about one meter long with an animal-shaped tip. And a box which combines a bow and a quiver, [64] the symbol of the royal and national arms of Iran. The bow is placed on the tombs of kings and on coins. War axes were used especially by northern Iranians [65] for protection, the infantry relying on their rattan shields. Shields were either small and crescent-shaped or large and rectangular. The latter could be set into the ground so that archers could shoot arrows from behind. Some Iranians wore metal helmets. But only the Egyptians and Mesopotamians wore body armor to protect their bodies. [69] Elites Infantry dress was distinct: a cropped cap, a short cloak over a shirt, a skirt, royal Elamite or conical cap ruffles and thongs, a tight tunic, and the Median cavalry uniform. Pants and boots. "A thousand spearmen, noblest and bravest in Persia," who formed a special royal guard with golden apples on their spears, which they called apple-bearers. [70] Darius served as spearmen under Cambyses. [71] Their commander was Shahi Hazarapati. who, as officers next to the emperor [72] all members of this guard fell to Plataea to defend their positions. less than 10,000.[74] They were dressed differently,[75] and served as royal guards.[76] at the bottom instead of spikes and these are surrounded by nine thousand bearing spears of silver rubies." [77]
Cavalry played an important role in conquering the region. and remained important until the last days of the Achaemenid Empire. Cavalry was equipped more or less like infantry. But he carries two spears. one for throwing and the other for self-defense—at least in Xenophon's time. As follows: horse with girdle (?) and bridle, helmet, iron armor, copper shield, 120 arrows, iron shafts, and two iron spears [80]. There were troops on camels and some on chariots and chariots with scissors. But it was not very effective against large numbers of infantry. There were also 15 elephants at the Gaugamela, but their actions were not recorded. Empire is a golden eagle.
The Strength And Structure Of The Ancient Persian Army
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